Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ligand Blocks Osteoclast Differentiation Through Induction of Phosphatase

Hyaluronan inhibits osteoclast differentiation via Toll-like receptor 4.

The differentiation of osteoclasts, cells specialized for bone resorption, is governed by two key factors, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL). The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important factor influencing cell fate. To date, little investigation on the relationship between ECM components and osteoclast differentiation ...

Stimulation by toll-like receptors inhibits osteoclast differentiation.

Osteoclasts, the cells capable of resorbing bone, are derived from hemopoietic precursor cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage. The same precursor cells can also give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells, which are essential for proper immune responses to various pathogens. Immune responses to microbial pathogens are often triggered because various microbial components induce the maturation a...

Osteoclast Differentiation Stimulation by Toll-Like Receptors Inhibits

Toll-Like Receptor 9 in Breast Cancer

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA receptor of the innate immune system. DNA recognition via TLR9 results in an inflammatory reaction, which eventually also activates a Th1-biased adaptive immune attack. In addition to cells of the immune system, TLR9 mRNA and protein are also widely expressed in breast cancer cell lines and in clinical breast cancer specimens. Although synthetic TLR...

Efficient induction of antitumor immunity by synthetic toll-like receptor ligand-peptide conjugates.

Chemical conjugates comprising synthetic Toll-like receptor ligands (TLR-L) covalently bound to antigenic synthetic long peptides (SLP) are attractive vaccine modalities, which can induce robust CD8(+) T-cell immune responses. Previously, we have shown that the mechanism underlying the power of TLR-L SLP conjugates is improved delivery of the antigen together with a dendritic cell activation si...